Bolivia

The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative is determined to stamp out embezzlement, but has its work cut out. When it launched in 2002 the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative aimed high. A coalition of governments, companies, civil society groups and investors, it promised member countries an improved investment climate, strengthened accountability and good governance. Those outcomes would contribute to economic stability, it said, and prevent conflict in the oil, mining and gas sectors.

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Who holds the world’s oil? You might assume it’s in the hands of big private oil companies like ExxonMobil. But in fact, 77 percent of the world’s oil reserves are held by national oil companies with no private equity, and there are 13 state-owned oil companies with more reserves than ExxonMobil, the largest multinational oil company. The popular perception in the United States is that if leaders of oil countries nationalize their oil, they are bucking a global trend toward privatization.